Can Americans Become a Citizen of Portugal? – Dual Citizenship

More and more, people of one country are considering living in another country, whether it’s for cost of living advantages, beneficial lifestyle, political discourse or cultural exploration. Becoming a “resident” is one process to stay in the country for an extended stay. For others with more long-term plans, the possibility of becoming a legal citizen—and holding a second passport– is often appealing.

With more Americans considering moving abroad than ever before and many of those choosing Portugal, let’s look specifically at U.S.A. > Portugal citizenship.

What is Dual Citizenship?

Basically, dual citizenship (also “dual nationality”) is having legal citizenship in two countries at the same time.

As a U.S. citizen, you may naturalize in another country without risking your U.S. citizenship.

Dual Citizenship Requirement

Whether you were born an American citizen or became one through naturalization, if you decide for dual citizenship, then you:

Owe allegiance to both the U.S.A and the second country (in this case, Portugal)
Must use your U.S.A. passport to enter and leave the U.S.A. (Portugal also requires the use of the Portugal passport for entering/leaving Portugal.)
Do not have to choose one nationality over the other.

Dual Citizenship Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages

Political rights: Dual citizens can vote, run for office, and contribute to political campaigns without restrictions.
Work and travel flexibility: Citizenship eliminates the need for work permits and visas when traveling or working between both countries.
Access to social services: Dual citizenship grants access to benefits such as healthcare, education, and other social services.
Two passports: Holding passports from both countries removes the need for long-term visas. However, certain restrictions may apply. For instance, U.S. dual nationals must use a U.S. passport when reentering the country.
Property ownership: Many countries allow dual citizens to own property in both nations.

Disadvantages

Dual obligations: You may be subject to the laws, responsibilities, and restrictions of both countries, even if they conflict. Some nations require mandatory military service, whereas the U.S. prohibits its citizens from serving in a foreign military. Failure to comply could lead to the loss of U.S. citizenship, making it crucial to understand both legal systems.
Double taxation: Some dual citizens must pay taxes in both countries, regardless of where they live or work. The U.S. taxes its citizens on global income, which could lead to taxation in both countries. However, tax treaties may reduce or eliminate double taxation. For instance, Portuguese earning U.S. income and U.S. citizens residing in Portugal benefit from such agreements.
Employment restrictions: Dual citizenship may disqualify individuals from holding certain jobs, particularly in government roles.
Complex application process: While some cases, such as birthright citizenship, are straightforward, others involve high costs and lengthy procedures. Processing times typically average five to seven months.

Portugal Dual Citizenship

Yes, Portugal permits dual citizenship. This means individuals can acquire Portuguese nationality without renouncing their original citizenship. The United States also recognizes dual citizenship, so U.S. citizens can become Portuguese citizens without forfeiting their American nationality.

To obtain Portuguese citizenship, applicants must meet specific criteria, which may include residing in Portugal for a certain period (see our story on residency visas), demonstrating proficiency in the Portuguese language, and maintaining a clean criminal record.

Portugal allows dual citizenship, enabling individuals to retain their original nationality while obtaining Portuguese citizenship. Eligibility includes several pathways:

Naturalization: Requires at least five years of legal residency, basic Portuguese language skills, and a clean criminal record.
Descent: Those with Portuguese ancestry (e.g., grandparents or great-grandparents) may qualify.
Marriage or Partnership: Available after three years of marriage or a recognized partnership with a Portuguese citizen.
Investment: The Golden Visa program grants residency leading to citizenship through qualifying investments.
Jewish Law of Return: Sephardic Jews of Portuguese descent can apply based on historical ties.
Adoption: Minors adopted by Portuguese citizens can acquire nationality.
Portuguese Overseas Territories: Individuals born in former territories may be eligible under certain conditions.

It’s important to note that while Portugal allows dual citizenship, the requirements and processes for obtaining it can vary depending on individual circumstances. Therefore, it’s advisable to consult official sources or legal experts when considering applying for Portuguese nationality.

Dual citizenship between the U.S. and Portugal presents a unique opportunity for those seeking to expand their global mobility, enjoy diverse cultural experiences, and access broader economic and social benefits. While the process requires careful consideration of legal obligations, tax implications, and eligibility criteria, the advantages often outweigh the complexities for those committed to making Portugal their second home. If you’re considering this path, thorough research and expert guidance will ensure a smooth and successful transition.